GRAPH FOR ASHLEY :) ((the information below and above tell most of it but this is the quick version)):
Church
Communion
Predestination
Catholic
need to go
literally body and blood
no
Luther
go to learn
spiritually exists underneath disguise of bread and wine
yes, but...haha
Calvin
4 walls and a sermon
spiritually embued
yes
Zwingli
same as calvin
symbolic
yes
*First of all, remember this gets sticky because of the idea of predestination
Big Question: How can human beings (who are inherently sinful) gain salvation?
Catholic Church’s answer-A person can gain grace through sacraments. (But, in spite of this, they still believe in the idea of predestination)
Luther’s answer-No, the only way you can be saved is through God’s grace and mercy which he arbitrarily assigns to human beings (this grace sometimes manifests itself as faith)
Doctrine of Catholic Church was unclear about all this…
Laypeople wanted a more personal way to express piety, the Catholic Church was becoming removed from the people, rituals meant little.
Religious fraternities develop in Germany and Italy (like the Brotherhood of the Eleven Thousand Virgins)
Florence (around 1500) Girolamo Savonarola attempted to banish irreligion and materialism. He was arrested and executed in 1498
Three things had weakened the pope’s power: move to Avignon, Great Schism, and conciliar movement.
Papecy and clergy clearly had secular interests
Examples:
Julius II (1503-1513) “The Warrior Pope”
Popes took control of Italian Peninsula and had a lavish court at Rome
Clergy too busy, removed from day-to-day spiritual needs
Ideas were spreading:
The Veillee (an evening gathering)
Invention of movable-type printing press (mid 1400s) Johannes Gutenberg
Christian Humanists (probed the bible and ancient church writings to provide a guide to morality):
Sir Thomas More (1478-1535) wrote Utopia; was beheaded by Henry VIII
Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536) wrote The Praise of Folly, “philosophy of Christ” don’t live by mere ritual, lead a true spiritual life by emulating Jesus.
Holy Roman Empire was messy- bishops often ruled territory, secular princes resented that, the emperor had no real authority over them.
Martin Luther: Studied the bible—“The Experience in the Tower”—Faith is a sign of grace, which is arbitrarily given by God. (nothing you do can affect your salvation, however if you have faith, that may be a sign that you will be saved)
Luther was mad at the concept of Indulgences (started with the crusades) meant that you could buy your way out of purgatory.
Luther wrote Ninety-Five Thesis to debate with other church scholars about the issue of indulgences. This was not supposed to be revolutionary!
By 1520- Luther had challenged the authority of the Pope himself; Pope Leo X excommunicates him (1520); Emperor Charles V summoned the monk to defend his positions at the Diet of Worms (a meeting of churchmen, princes and city leaders) (1521)
Neither good works nor sacraments can save you—only faith is a potential sign of salvation (but there are no guarantees because we can’t control salvation) No priests are needed to tell people what to think, they decide for themselves.
Lutheran Doctrine and Practice
-Luther’s beliefs affected Protestant Christianity
-Teachings are based on 1) faith alone wins redemption 2) Bible is sole
source of religious authority
-Believed all people are capable of understanding God’s preaching as
expressed in the Bible and one can get salvation without help of
intermediaries
-No distinction between clergy and laity: same responsibilities and powers
-Luther only had 2 sacraments: baptism and Eucharist
-God is omnipresent
-Simplified services
-Translated Bible
The Spread of Lutheranism
-Broadsides and pamphlets from printing press spread his beliefs
-Knights attacked archbishop Trier; Lutheran opponents said new religious
teachings undermined law and order
-Peasant uprising: wanted to end restrictions and burdens, wanted right to
choose their own pastors, refused to accept any authority except for
Scripture, to tell them if their demands were justified or not. Luther
ignored them. Also grew angry with Catholics and Jews
Lutheranism Established
-Lutherans: Protestants and adherents to traditional Church, universal, or
Catholic and eventually became Roman Catholic
-Each Catholic prince could determine religion of his territory
-All occupations were equally worthy
-Undermined hierarchic view of the universe
-People were more self-reliant
Spread of Protestantism
Zwingli and the Radicals
-Based ideas on Scripture and emphasized faith alone
-Simplify religious belief and practices
-No sacraments bestowed grace
-His form of Protestantism was dependent on individual believer
-Constant surveillance through informers to keep the faithful moral and
godly
-Baptism was entry to Church but only for male adults
-Anabaptists: robotizes, reformers, radicals
Radicals rejected Church organization, rejected priests, individual belief
freedom, disregarding Scripture
-They made utopian communities: holding everything in common
-Reformers wanted to persecute those who rejected their particular brand
of salvation, like Luther and Zwingli
-Assault on radicals
-Melchiorites wanted influence over workers
-Protestants and Catholics formed alliance and massacred them
John Calvin
-Religious reformer, second generation
-Most vigorous branch of Protestantism
-He settled in Switzerland
Calvinism
-Like Lutheranism
-Sinfulness, lack of free will, helplessness, rejected good works as means
of salvation
-Accepted 2 sacraments, baptism and communion
-All occupations are equal
-Political and social authority
-Both had similar views of faith, people’s weakness and God’s omnipresence
-Calvin’s faith was sterner though, outcome is predestined
-Strict moral code that banned activities
The Anglican Church
-Role of prince was crucial
-“Defender of Faith” was Henry VIII’s name after his attack on Luther
-Loyalty was in peril because Henry’s wife was not going to make male heir
-Needed dot continue his dynasty to have the pope annul the marriage
-Gave his subjects a cause that was increasingly to stimulate their
patriotic pride
-Reformation gave monarchy financial boost
-Changing only person at head of institution
-Lollards had kept Wycliffe’s ideas alive
Catholic Revival
-Counter Reformation: those with Protestant sympathies usually refer to
Catholic revival
-Many more Europeans remained Catholic than converted to Protestantism
-In HRE, states that rejected Protestantism gave the pope no more thank
token allegiance
-No comprehensive def of Catholic doctrine on justification
-Paul III asserted papal responsibility throughout the church
-Attacked abuses throughout the church
-Founded a Roman Inquisition
Council of Trent
-Divisions were political and ecclesiastical
-Affirm teachings that Protestants rejected
-Bible is not exclusive authority
-Human will is free, good works as well as faith are means of salvation
-God should be worshiped with elaborate ceremonies and rites
-Church was set up to win back philanthropic activities
Jesuits
-4 principle functions: preaching, hearing confessions, teaching, and
missionary work
Advanced aims of Council of Trent and the papacy
-Society was the main conqueror of rival beliefs
Religion and Politics
-Revived Catholic Church confronted Protestants
Chapter 13
Reasons for the Protestant Reformation
Martin Luther
Ulrich Zwingli
John Calvin
GRAPH FOR ASHLEY :) ((the information below and above tell most of it but this is the quick version)):
*First of all, remember this gets sticky because of the idea of predestination
Big Question: How can human beings (who are inherently sinful) gain salvation?
Catholic Church’s answer-A person can gain grace through sacraments. (But, in spite of this, they still believe in the idea of predestination)
Luther’s answer-No, the only way you can be saved is through God’s grace and mercy which he arbitrarily assigns to human beings (this grace sometimes manifests itself as faith)
Doctrine of Catholic Church was unclear about all this…
Laypeople wanted a more personal way to express piety, the Catholic Church was becoming removed from the people, rituals meant little.
Religious fraternities develop in Germany and Italy (like the Brotherhood of the Eleven Thousand Virgins)
Florence (around 1500) Girolamo Savonarola attempted to banish irreligion and materialism. He was arrested and executed in 1498
Three things had weakened the pope’s power: move to Avignon, Great Schism, and conciliar movement.
Papecy and clergy clearly had secular interests
Examples:
Julius II (1503-1513) “The Warrior Pope”
Popes took control of Italian Peninsula and had a lavish court at Rome
Clergy too busy, removed from day-to-day spiritual needs
Ideas were spreading:
The Veillee (an evening gathering)
Invention of movable-type printing press (mid 1400s) Johannes Gutenberg
Christian Humanists (probed the bible and ancient church writings to provide a guide to morality):
Sir Thomas More (1478-1535) wrote Utopia; was beheaded by Henry VIII
Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536) wrote The Praise of Folly, “philosophy of Christ” don’t live by mere ritual, lead a true spiritual life by emulating Jesus.
Holy Roman Empire was messy- bishops often ruled territory, secular princes resented that, the emperor had no real authority over them.
Martin Luther: Studied the bible—“The Experience in the Tower”—Faith is a sign of grace, which is arbitrarily given by God. (nothing you do can affect your salvation, however if you have faith, that may be a sign that you will be saved)
Luther was mad at the concept of Indulgences (started with the crusades) meant that you could buy your way out of purgatory.
Luther wrote Ninety-Five Thesis to debate with other church scholars about the issue of indulgences. This was not supposed to be revolutionary!
By 1520- Luther had challenged the authority of the Pope himself; Pope Leo X excommunicates him (1520); Emperor Charles V summoned the monk to defend his positions at the Diet of Worms (a meeting of churchmen, princes and city leaders) (1521)
Neither good works nor sacraments can save you—only faith is a potential sign of salvation (but there are no guarantees because we can’t control salvation) No priests are needed to tell people what to think, they decide for themselves.
Lutheran Doctrine and Practice
-Luther’s beliefs affected Protestant Christianity-Teachings are based on 1) faith alone wins redemption 2) Bible is sole
source of religious authority
-Believed all people are capable of understanding God’s preaching as
expressed in the Bible and one can get salvation without help of
intermediaries
-No distinction between clergy and laity: same responsibilities and powers
-Luther only had 2 sacraments: baptism and Eucharist
-God is omnipresent
-Simplified services
-Translated Bible
The Spread of Lutheranism
-Broadsides and pamphlets from printing press spread his beliefs-Knights attacked archbishop Trier; Lutheran opponents said new religious
teachings undermined law and order
-Peasant uprising: wanted to end restrictions and burdens, wanted right to
choose their own pastors, refused to accept any authority except for
Scripture, to tell them if their demands were justified or not. Luther
ignored them. Also grew angry with Catholics and Jews
Lutheranism Established
-Lutherans: Protestants and adherents to traditional Church, universal, orCatholic and eventually became Roman Catholic
-Each Catholic prince could determine religion of his territory
-All occupations were equally worthy
-Undermined hierarchic view of the universe
-People were more self-reliant
Spread of Protestantism
Zwingli and the Radicals
-Based ideas on Scripture and emphasized faith alone-Simplify religious belief and practices
-No sacraments bestowed grace
-His form of Protestantism was dependent on individual believer
-Constant surveillance through informers to keep the faithful moral and
godly
-Baptism was entry to Church but only for male adults
-Anabaptists: robotizes, reformers, radicals
Radicals rejected Church organization, rejected priests, individual belief
freedom, disregarding Scripture
-They made utopian communities: holding everything in common
-Reformers wanted to persecute those who rejected their particular brand
of salvation, like Luther and Zwingli
-Assault on radicals
-Melchiorites wanted influence over workers
-Protestants and Catholics formed alliance and massacred them
John Calvin
-Religious reformer, second generation
-Most vigorous branch of Protestantism
-He settled in Switzerland
Calvinism
-Like Lutheranism-Sinfulness, lack of free will, helplessness, rejected good works as means
of salvation
-Accepted 2 sacraments, baptism and communion
-All occupations are equal
-Political and social authority
-Both had similar views of faith, people’s weakness and God’s omnipresence
-Calvin’s faith was sterner though, outcome is predestined
-Strict moral code that banned activities
The Anglican Church
-Role of prince was crucial-“Defender of Faith” was Henry VIII’s name after his attack on Luther
-Loyalty was in peril because Henry’s wife was not going to make male heir
-Needed dot continue his dynasty to have the pope annul the marriage
-Gave his subjects a cause that was increasingly to stimulate their
patriotic pride
-Reformation gave monarchy financial boost
-Changing only person at head of institution
-Lollards had kept Wycliffe’s ideas alive
Catholic Revival
-Counter Reformation: those with Protestant sympathies usually refer toCatholic revival
-Many more Europeans remained Catholic than converted to Protestantism
-In HRE, states that rejected Protestantism gave the pope no more thank
token allegiance
-No comprehensive def of Catholic doctrine on justification
-Paul III asserted papal responsibility throughout the church
-Attacked abuses throughout the church
-Founded a Roman Inquisition
Council of Trent
-Divisions were political and ecclesiastical-Affirm teachings that Protestants rejected
-Bible is not exclusive authority
-Human will is free, good works as well as faith are means of salvation
-God should be worshiped with elaborate ceremonies and rites
-Church was set up to win back philanthropic activities
Jesuits
-4 principle functions: preaching, hearing confessions, teaching, andmissionary work
Advanced aims of Council of Trent and the papacy
-Society was the main conqueror of rival beliefs
Religion and Politics
-Revived Catholic Church confronted Protestants